Statistics Glossary

Browse 13 statistics terms defined in plain English, from the cultural dictionary of computing.

13 Statistics Terms

A/B testing
A controlled experiment where two variants (A and B) of a webpage, feature, or algorithm are shown to randomly split user groups to determine which performs...
Conformal Prediction
A framework for producing prediction sets or intervals with statistical coverage guarantees under stated assumptions. It influences how models are trained,...
correlation
A statistical measure (typically Pearson's r, ranging from -1 to +1) that quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two...
CRAN
The Comprehensive R Archive Network, a repository of over 20,000 packages for the R programming language. CRAN enforces strict submission policies including...
Cross-Validation
A model evaluation technique that partitions data into complementary subsets, training on some folds and validating on others, then rotating. K-fold...
Differential Privacy
A mathematical framework that provides provable privacy guarantees by adding calibrated noise to query results or model training. Ensures that the output of an...
Gaussian Mixture Model
A probabilistic model that represents data as a weighted combination of several Gaussian components. It influences how models are trained, evaluated, or...
ggplot
A data visualization package for R based on Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics, allowing users to build complex, layered plots by composing aesthetic...
p-value
The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed data, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A small p-value (typically below 0.05)...
R
A programming language and environment specifically designed for statistical computing and data visualization. R's comprehensive package ecosystem (CRAN) and...
regression
A family of statistical and machine learning techniques used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables,...
Regression to the Mean
The statistical tendency for unusually extreme results to move closer to average over time rather than persist indefinitely. In startup metrics and hiring,...
Sample
A subset of data selected from a larger population for analysis, or a single discrete measurement taken from a continuous signal at a specific point in time....

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